Economia
"Historical contingency and the purported uniqueness of evolutionary innovations", artigo de Geerat J. Vermeij
publicado nos "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences" de 7 de Fevereiro de 2006.
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Economia
Acontecimentos únicos
"Historical contingency and the purported uniqueness of evolutionary innovations", artigo de Geerat J. Vermeij
publicado nos "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences" de 7 de Fevereiro de 2006.
«Many events in the history of life are thought to be singular, that is, without parallels, analogs, or homologs in time and space. These claims imply that history is profoundly contingent in that independent origins of life in the universe will spawn radically different histories. If, however, most innovations arose more than once on Earth, histories would be predictable and replicable at the scale of functional roles and directions of adaptive change. Times of origin of 23 purportedly unique evolutionary innovations are significantly more ancient than the times of first instantiation of 55 innovations that evolved more than once, implying that the early phases of life’s history were less replicable than later phases or that the appearance of singularity results from information loss through time. Indirect support for information loss comes from the distribution of sizes of clades in which the same minor, geologically recent innovation has arisen multiple times. For three repeated molluscan innovations, 28–71% of instantiations are represented by clades of five or fewer species. Such small clades would be undetectable in the early history of life. Purportedly unique innovations either arose from the union and integration of previously independent components or belong to classes of functionally similar innovations. Claims of singularity are therefore not well supported by the available evidence. Details of initial conditions, evolutionary pathways, phenotypes, and timing are contingent, but important ecological, functional, and directional aspects of the history of life are replicable and predictable.»
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- Capitalismo
Esse comentário do Mark Perry do CARPE DIEM todos deveriam ler, portanto, colocarei na íntegra: I'm sure that you have had this experience before, or something similar to it. You are sitting at lunch in a nice restaurant or perhaps a hotel. Waiters...
- Como Suecia Econtrou O Caminho Da Prosperidade
How Laissez-Faire Made Sweden Rich by Johan Norberg Sweden often gets held up as an example of how socialism can work better than markets. But, as Norberg shows, Sweden's history in fact points to the opposite conclusion. Once upon a time...
- Teoria Econômica E História Empírica
Nonpraxeological Schools of Thoughtby Hans-Hermann HoppeNonpraxeological schools of thought mistakenly believe that relationships between certain events are well-established empirical laws when they are really necessary and logical praxeological ones....
- A Maior Bolha Da Historia
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